APEC - Internationalization of industrial Science and Technology

S&T Human Resources Development in APEC economies

The Frascati Manual defines researchers as"professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge, products processes,methods,and systems, and in the management of the projects concerned". But this definition is quite vague,and countries that follow the Frascati Manual also specify their own definitions of the term "researcher" for counting re-searchers. US uses, the term Scientists and engineers, who are individuals classified as scientists and engineers by virtue of their education or work experience.Because of these, there are differences between countries in methods for measuring the number of researchers, and international comparisons are difficult.

Total number of researchers in APEC is around 4.75 million. US, China and Japan with 3.56 million researchers account for 75%. Business sector with 3.2 million researchers accounts for 68% of total. Key R&D manpower statistics are presented in table B.

Table B: R&D Manpower (FTE)
Economy Year TOTAL R&D Personnel Business R&D Personnel Total No. of researchers

Australia* 2006 125,770 46,027 87,270

Brunei Darussalam 2003 140 17 102

Canada* 2005 213,930 137,690 134,300

Chile 2004 21,689 13,427

China * 2007 1,736,155 1,186,751 1,423,381

Hong Kong 2006 22,977 12,682 18,326

Indonesia 2001 51,544 1,310

Japan* 2007 937,865 620,004 709,974

Korea* 2007 269,409 184,607 221,928

Malaysia 2006 13,416 5,628 9,694

Mexico* 2005 89,398 48,044 48,401

New Zealand* 2007 24,700 8,100 18,300

Papua New Guinea

Peru

Philippines 2005 9,407 2,259 6,896

Russian Federation* 2007 912,291 507,415 469,076

Singapore* 2007 32,198 18,948 27,301

Chinese Taipei* 2007 175,741 118,005 103,455

Thailand 2005 36,967 8,455 20,506

United States* 2007 1,425,550

Viet Nam 2002 11,356 977 9,328

Table B: R&D Manpower (FTE)
Economy	Year	TOTAL R&D Personnel	Business R&D Personnel	Total No. of researchers
Australia*	2006	125,770	46,027	87,270
Brunei Darussalam	2003	140	17	102
Canada*	2005	213,930	137,690	134,300
Chile	2004	21,689		13,427
China *	2007	1,736,155	1,186,751	1,423,381
Hong Kong	2006	22,977	12,682	18,326
Indonesia	2001	51,544	1,310
Japan*	2007	937,865	620,004	709,974
Korea*	2007	269,409	184,607	221,928
Malaysia	2006	13,416	5,628	9,694
Mexico*	2005	89,398	48,044	48,401
New Zealand*	2007	24,700	8,100	18,300
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines	2005	9,407	2,259	6,896
Russian Federation*	2007	912,291	507,415	469,076
Singapore*	2007	32,198	18,948	27,301
Chinese Taipei*	2007	175,741	118,005	103,455
Thailand	2005	36,967	8,455	20,506
United States*	2007			1,425,550
Viet Nam	2002	11,356	977	9,328

Source: *OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators database, May 2009 and rest from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 2009 edition