APEC - Internationalization of industrial Science and Technology

R&D Expenditure by APEC economies

Investment in knowledge can be measured by R&D expenditure, software and education, and it continues to rise in most APEC economies. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) gives an overview of the overall investment in R&D. The data includes breakdowns by sector of performance and source of funds. The major players are Business/Industry, Government, Higher education and non profit research organizations. For comparing APEC economies, we have used data from OECD and UNESCO. R&D activities are largely financed by the private sector, 71.84% for APEC. Key GERD data is presented in the table A. Top three R&D spenders are US, Japan and China, accounting for 81.2% of all APEC economies. GERD and BERD data is presented in the form of table A below.

In 2007, 2.09% of APEC GDP was devoted to R&D, which amounts to 1.74% world's GDP. Top R&D density or GERD/GDP economies are the Republic of Korea (3.47%), Japan (3.44%), and US (2.68%). Eleven APEC economies spent less than 1% of their GDP on R&D.

Table A: R&D Expenditure

Economy Year GERD/GDP (%) Gross Expenditure on R&D (millions PPP USD) Business R&D Expenditure (millions PPP USD)

Australia* 2006 2.01 14,914.4 8,546.0

Brunei Darussalam 2004 0.03 6.3

Canada* 2008 1.82 23,781.0 13,341.1

Chile 2004 0.54 1,229.1 566.3

China * 2007 1.49 102,331.0 73,985.3

Hong Kong 2006 0.77 2,172.8 1,143.5

Indonesia 2005 0.05 347.2 13.0

Japan* 2007 3.44 147,800.8 115,136.8

Korea* 2007 3.47 41,741.6 31,807.1

Malaysia 2006 0.64 2,085.0 1,770.4

Mexico* 2005 0.46 5,919.0 2,929.9

New Zealand* 2007 1.20 1,383.7 590.8

Papua New Guinea

Peru 2004 0.15 239.0 69.7

Philippines 2005 0.12 290.8 170.3

Russian Federation* 2007 1.12 23,482.0 15,075.4

Singapore* 2007 2.61 5,945.5 3,971.6

Chinese Taipei* 2007 2.63 18,324.8 12,662.4

Thailand 2005 0.26 1,028.1 493.4

United States* 2007 2.68 368,799.0 265,166.5

Viet Nam 2002 0.19 252.8 36.7

Economy	Year	GERD/GDP (%)	Gross Expenditure on R&D (millions PPP USD)	Business R&D Expenditure (millions PPP USD)
Australia*	2006	2.01	14,914.4	8,546.0
Brunei Darussalam	2004	0.03	6.3
Canada*	2008	1.82	23,781.0	13,341.1
Chile	2004	0.54	1,229.1	566.3
China *	2007	1.49	102,331.0	73,985.3
Hong Kong	2006	0.77	2,172.8	1,143.5
Indonesia	2005	0.05	347.2	13.0
Japan*	2007	3.44	147,800.8	115,136.8
Korea*	2007	3.47	41,741.6	31,807.1
Malaysia	2006	0.64	2,085.0	1,770.4
Mexico*	2005	0.46	5,919.0	2,929.9
New Zealand*	2007	1.20	1,383.7	590.8
Papua New Guinea
Peru	2004	0.15	239.0	69.7
Philippines	2005	0.12	290.8	170.3
Russian Federation*	2007	1.12	23,482.0	15,075.4
Singapore*	2007	2.61	5,945.5	3,971.6
Chinese Taipei*	2007	2.63	18,324.8	12,662.4
Thailand	2005	0.26	1,028.1	493.4
United States*	2007	2.68	368,799.0	265,166.5
Viet Nam	2002	0.19	252.8	36.7

Source: *OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators database, May 2009 and rest from UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), 2009 edition